Indira Gandhi Quotes

Indira Gandhi Quotes Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 to 1984. Little girl of Jawaharlal Nehru, a legend in winning autonomy from Britain, Indira Gandhi was additionally a supporter of Gandhi in her initial years. Indira Gandhi was chosen Prime Minister in 1966, and her organization was frequently disputable. In the wake of utilizing the military to stop a Sikh dissident activity, Indira Gandhi was killed by her Sikh security watches in 1984. Select Quotations You should figure out how to be still amidst action and to be dynamically alive in rest. Activities todayâ mouldâ our tomorrows. What makes a difference is that we ought to accomplish what we set out to do.â (1977) Social change is realized by the individuals who dare and act, who can think eccentrically and who can court unpopularity.â (1974) My granddad once revealed to me that there were two sorts of individuals: the individuals who accomplish the work and the individuals who assume the praise. He instructed me to attempt to be in the principal gathering; there was significantly less rivalry. Resistance and empathy are dynamic, not latent states, conceived of the ability to tune in, to watch and to regard others. They are established on an adoration forever that shows itself in ones demeanor to man and to the earth and to different animals. This condition of tuning in, watching, is to be alive; it is a condition of comprehension and it is the sign of a really logical psyche that is full grown with the nature of humanness. Finishes may differ however implies must be founded on the acknowledgment of man as theâ centreâ of all mission. (1981) There exists no government official in India sufficiently challenging to endeavor to disclose to the majority that dairy animals can be eaten.â (1975 meet with Oriana Fallaci) I would state our most noteworthy accomplishment is to have made due as a free and majority rule country. Let us not permit ourselves to be abused by disappointment or misinformed by outrage intoâ wrongâ action which will unavoidably expand the weight on the regular man, subvert the very establishments of majority rule government and risk the prosperity and joy of all of us. In any case, let our anxiety lead us to productive exertion, to difficult work, to co-operation.â (1966) Our antiquated way of thinking talks about right activity. Lifes excursion ought to be in mission neither of influence nor riches however of internal worth. The Gita says, To activity aloneâ haveâ you a right, not to its natural products. We need progress, we need improvement, yet so as to not upset the life of the zone, the vibes of the region, the magnificence of the locale and doesn't estrange the individuals from their own surroundings...â (1975) Affliction doesn't end something, it is just a start. You can't warmly greet a gripped clench hand. There are crossroads in history when agonizing catastrophe and its dim shadows can be helped by reviewing incredible snapshots of the past. Regardless of whether Indira Gandhi kicks the bucket, her blood would spring from the earth and thousands of Indiras will develop to serve the individuals of the nation. I state so on the grounds that Indira Gandhi isn't the name of an insignificant lady yet a way of thinking which is married to the administration of the majority. â€the month she was killed, October 20, 1984 I dont mind if my life goes in the administration of the country. On the off chance that I kick the bucket today every drop of my blood will empower the nation.â â€the night before she was killed, October 30, 1984. To manage numerous kids is viewed as a strict gift as well as a speculation. The more noteworthy their number, a few Indians reason, the more contributions they can beg.â (1975) It isn't sufficient for a couple at the top to arrive at exceptional capacity. Execution at each level, even the most minimal, must be improved. We all are a piece of the enormous device of the country, the productive working of which is subject to the smooth working of each individual component.â (1969) Capacity, and not class or network or riches, ought to figure out what instruction a kid ought to have, what school the person ought to go to.â (1966) The Himalayas have molded our history; they haveâ mouldedâ our theory; they have motivated our holy people and artists. They impact our climate. When they guarded us; presently we should shield them. Ourâ defenceâ services are figuring out how to know them and to cherish them.â ​(1968)

Come up with one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Think of one - Essay Example The at first introduced the fundamental standards of moral dynamic concentrating on independence, usefulness, equity and nonmaleficence. Other smaller than normal case situations were introduced; along with a distinguishing proof of noteworthy focuses concerning the idea of advance orders. At that point, morals at end of life circumstances, especially, willful extermination were explained, specifying the three intercessions: dynamic, latent and helped. Other moral issues that were talked about were inquire about morals and social insurance proportioning. The data introduced from this talk in advantageous in the ebb and flow examine through the believability acted by the creator like a partner teacher of the John Hopkins University and in this manner has been uncovered and legitimately associated with tending to moral issues looked by more established patients toward the finish of life stage. The talk introduced adjusted contentions itemizing the lawfulness of the issues; thinking about this as a possibility for patients in torment; and different explanations behind advancing and utilizing killing. The article in like manner distinguished the gatherings contradicting the sanctioning of killing and helped self destruction as originating from both clinical and inability rights gatherings. The substance of the article are in this manner valuable for the momentum look into as far as giving a reasonable talk and introducing refreshed measurements given the present status of its distribution (2011). Other legitimate and definitive destinations were moreover accommodated more data regarding the matter, as esteemed

Things to do before you graduate

Things to do before you graduate Every new freshman class gets, in their Orientation folders, a little poster on which are listed 101 Things To Do Before You Graduate. Out of curiosity, I picked up a copy of this years edition, and found that I have done a respectable 51 out of the 101 Things listed. Though I was disappointed that this years didnt include a couple of things on last years that Ive actually done, including getting published in the Tech. In general, though, looking through the list, I feel that a lot of the things on it are rather boring (Get your picture taken with Tim the Beaver), touristy (Have your parents take you to the North End), or non-MIT/Boston-specific (Go to a formal). Ive never understood the attraction of formals anyway, but thats a separate issue. There are many list items that are worth doing, butits just not that special. Which is why Ive decided to make a shorter list of my own, of things to do before you graduate that arent on the official list. I havent done all of these things (and no, Im not going to tell you if Ive done each one), but I think theyre all part of the MIT experience. I realize that many people will consider this list biased toward my own subculture. Guess what? I dont care. More Things to Do Before You Graduate: 1. Participate in Dorm Rush (or REX, whatever you want to call it) 2. See the live show of Rocky Horror in Harvard Square 3. Go on an Orange Tour 4. Go to Steer Roast 5. Mudwrestle at Steer Roast 6. Go to DTYD 7. Watch (or sing in) Bad Taste 8. Play a club or IM sport 9. Play in an Assassins Guild game 10. Run for UA office 11. Watch (or participate in) the UA Presidential/VP debate 12. Sit on top of the Great Dome 13. Contribute to How to Get Around MIT 14. Submit a piece to Voodoo 15. Participate in the annual Voodoo Telethon 16. Participate in a political demonstation at the State Capitol 17. Subscribe to a zephyr class 18. Listen to music on LAMP 19. Hang out at an alums apartment/house 20. Create a mailing list 21. Name your own Athena box 22. Write your own script that does something useful on Athena 23. Watch (or act in) an MTG production 24. Participate in Mystery Hunt 25. Talk to a Nobel Laureate 26. Make your own boffer weapon 27. Eat at Deli Haus in the Senior Haus basement 28. Visit all the dorms 29. Tool at the Coffeehouse 30. Eat a house dinner at an FSILG 31. Compete in an IAP robotics competition 32. Watch a movie on the projection screen in an empty classroom 33. Take free sailing lessons at the Sailing Pavilion 34. Pull a hack Well, thats a nice reasonable list. In case youre wondering, Ive done 24 of these 34 things. Like I said, Im not saying which ones, but Ill give you one clue I have mudwrestled at Steer Roast, where I battled Ross 05 in an East Campus Senator vs. Random Hall Senator match, and lost horribly.

Texting While Driving - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1606 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Brandon Zarecky CC/Formal #3 Prof. Galati March 27, 2010 Texting While Driving The average Joe is sitting in his Honda on Interstate 90 when his cell phone goes off. Of course, hearing the recognizable text message vibration or ringtone creates curiosity, so Joe thinks, â€Å"Maybe it’s my friend telling me about a change of plans for tonight, or parents, or something is wrong? † Although traffic looks like it is going to be moving soon, and knowing that it would only take a few seconds to respond, Joe does. Then before he knows it, the Blazer in front of him stops too fast and causing the grill of Joe’s Honda to hit the back end of the Blazer. Texting behind the wheel is dangerous because it takes the driver’s eyes off the road and lowers the driver’s mental focus. Vision is the main thing that everyone counts on while driving, texting and driving at the same time reduces that (Guevin). No matter where the cell phone is placed, whether i t is on the dash board or on the steering wheel, the eyes are usually not where they really need to be. Everyone’s eyes are supposed to be on the road in any situation at all times. In just that split second that it takes to glance at a text message, a crash could occur. Yes, some people claim to be able to text without looking at their phones, thinking they are safe but they are clearly not. Just because someone’s eyes are not on the phone, doesn’t mean that driver’s focus is on the road. A common saying about listening abilities also applies to vision here: â€Å"Just because you can hear me, doesn’t mean that you are listening to me (Magid). † Even though someone is looking at the road doesn’t mean that driver is paying attention to what is going on. A typical texting person’s eyes might be on the road, but the mind’s focus is on what he or she is going to reply in the message. Meanwhile, while they trying to ma ke sure they hit the right key or letter on their phone, they are not noticing everything going on in traffic. In some states texting has become illegal while driving. The law is intended to save drivers from suffering the consequence of other texting drivers, which is said to be worse than drunk driving. The law sounds helpful, but how exactly will police officers enforce it? As the United States regulators step up scrutiny of the dangers of texting while driving, software makers are scrambling to develop cell phone applications that block texts or minimize the distraction of texting (Lavallee). But as long as drivers do not hold their cell phones above the window, the police will never know they are texting. Sure, some people will be careless and forgetful, and that will get them caught. Police officers may have to come up with a clever way to catch people texting on the road. They could possibly set up cameras along the road, but the cost would be too high to fully enforce tha t idea. The potential law will require authorities to redirect some of their resources from preventing and solving other serious crimes. Many texts can be or may be urgent, but the law states that they are not important enough to be answered, which can lead to many unanswered emergencies. In that case, the law would improve the situation an extreme amount if it could be enforced in a cheap, time efficient way. There is a big need for a way to stop or at least decrease the number of people who text while driving and a law could provide that with the right resources. The law would save lives, reduce the number of wrecks, and reduce reckless driving (Lavallee). As everyone knows, text messaging has revolutionized the way people interact with one another. It allows everyone to talk to anyone at anytime. People come to value the relationships that texting is able to establish with their peers, too much for them to let a law get in the way of it (Common Sense Media). In a way, they seem to think that their freedom of speech is being threatened, but the law is there, only to protect them while they are driving. Teenagers are definitely the main group of people who text while driving, with around fifty percent of them actually admitting to it (Lavallee). Not surprisingly, though, the biggest influence on how teens drive is their parents. Almost two-thirds of high school teens say their parents talk on a cell phone while driving, half say their parents speed, and a third say their parents don’t wear a seat belt (Lavallee). Cell phone related crashes make up eighty-five percent of all automobile crashes, so some sort of solution need to be thought of (Inbar). A study done by the Nielson Co released in early 2009, says that â€Å"the most avid texters are thirteen to seventeen and they average 2,272 text messages a month. † This breaks down to about eighty messages a day. This was the nationwide average for 2008, but thanks to the rise in unlimi ted texting plans, this number keeps going up (Magid). Texting when driving also interferes with family relationships, because by doing it, you’re risking an accident and possibly death and devastation to your family. This is then more elaborated by a Professor of linguistics at American University Naomi S. Baron states that â€Å"texters† have difficulty being â€Å"in the moment† with other people because â€Å"they are constantly being summoned by someone else in another place, it is a part of a larger phenomenon of where your mind is, and if your mind is always on your phone, it’s not on other things† (George). Drivers who text while driving are not â€Å"in the moment† that is taking place on the road in front of them. One doctor claims that excessive texting should be taken more seriously. Psychiatrist Jerald Block says that â€Å"text messaging is one of at least three known forms of compulsive computer use (Common Sense Media). T hese compulsive behaviors can result in very serious health and social consequences. Consequences like those range from fatigue, depression, social isolation, poor work performance, and of course poor driving. One major reason that texting teenagers suffer from fatigue is that many of them send and receive texts in the middle of the night. If that is mixed with driving, then that creates more reason to believe that it is very dangerous to text while driving (Guevin). Many parents, as stupid as this may sound, feel that the benefits of text messaging outweigh the harm. They value having the capability of being in touch with their children at all times, even if they are on the road driving. They see the benefit of cell phones offering instant communication, which is also helpful in arranging rides and checking up on children’s plans, totally overlooking the fact they are possibly doing harm to their children if they happen to be driving an automobile (Common Sense Media). Us ually all parents are aware of the benefits in text messaging, but the dangers of it while driving cannot be ignored and forgotten. According to a study by the Pew Research Center, â€Å"a quarter of U. S. teens say they text while driving. † Nearly fifty percent say that they have ridden in a vehicle with other teen drivers who are texting (Madden). This is becoming more dangerous and possibly fatal. The Washington Post gets its data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Their statistics show that drivers younger than twenty had the highest distracted driving fatality rate among all age groups last year (Magid). Now there couldn’t possibly be any more kinds of distractions when it comes to texting while driving, but there is. With the popularity of the texting age has come another dangerous trend, sexting. According to The National Campaign to Support Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, sexting occurs when cell phone users electronically sen d nude or semi-nude pictures of themselves (Lavallee). A study done by this organization shows that twenty percent of teenagers actually admit to being involved with sexting, some even while driving! Almost a third of those teens exchanging sexually suggestive content are expecting to date or â€Å"hook up. That gives some of those teens another distraction if on the road. Even though the majority of people in this age group believe that sexting can have seriously negative consequences, many however, do not know that it is also very illegal (Inbar). The studies that have been done and the statistics available provide enough reason to believe that there really is no good reason to text while driving. In the case of legitimate emergencies, drivers should pull off the road to send or receive messages. Not only is it just the teenagers out there, but also many parents. While many teens and their parents feel that text messaging is a necessary technology twenty-four-seven, the danger s of this belief is undeniable. Texting while driving has proved to be too much of a concern and cause too many problems on the road. It would be good to know that society and the police are doing everything they can to try putting some sort of end to this popular yet fatal activity that all kinds of people are involved in. Unfortunately, there is not much effort to establishing a law for this. The law makers should most definitely pass a law made that takes this hazard away and makes driving safer for everyone. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Texting While Driving" essay for you Create order

Hiroshima And Nagasaki, Japan, And Japan - 2342 Words

On August 6th and 9th; the American military leadership dropped two atomic hydrogen bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan; in an attempt to expedite the end of a war that consumed the world. It was then, on these days that a small few experienced; while the whole world watched as utter destruction unfold as the two bombs did what they were created to do, decimate the Japanese resolve. A resolve that shook and intimated the most courageous of convictions, a resolve that ushered a generation of willing kamikaze fighters; it was these fighters that embodied the essence of Japanese spirit. It was this spirit that overwhelmed others to act and drop a bomb that was not only physically damaging but psychologically effective. President Truman of†¦show more content†¦To explore the difference in conventional and nuclear weapons, and how this drastic change of warfare directly manipulates psychology on a level distinct from previous weapons, utilizing a different aspect of war. Reali zing the historical significance of the development of nuclear warfare, and it how it changed World War II through psychological warfare. Hiroshima, a military stronghold in Japan during 1945 was a prime target for any military airstrike; along with Nagasaki, a naval and industrial port vital to the Japanese war effort. An image on the reasoning behind why American leadership chose to bomb these two cities start to form. The Committee under President Truman at the time realized the tremendous advantages to targeting these two locations, â€Å"We believed that our attacks had struck cities which must certainly be important to the Japanese military leaders, both Army and Navy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Malloy 19). Outlining the necessary surrender conditions upon Japan, July 28 the Potsdam ultimatum was issued to the Premier of Japan, and dutifully rejected. The plans were set and the options weighted, August 6th rolled around and the order was given. Over the intercom around 7:09 the American scouting plane reports â€Å"Fair weather, ready for air raid† (Ishikawa and Swain 21); by 7 am the Japanese citizens and workers wer e preparing for a traditional air raid as the Japanese spots the plane above. A similar scene occurs during

Edition Chapter Free Essays

School of Economics Summary The case lists out the dilemma that Western Retail outlets (such as Wall-Mart, Careful and others) face as they enter Asian markets. The case builds on the notion that these retail outlets are not able to build on the premise of cultural differences and hence they cannot adapt themselves to the demographics of the local markets. The paper puts forth the framework which emphasizes of the Importance of adapting to the needs of Aslant consumers on part of these large retailers. We will write a custom essay sample on Edition Chapter or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper Is a culmination of work done on large retailers over a span of six years. The researcher has deviated from the traditional methods of data collection and has traveled wide and far for data collection, this has allowed the paper to develop a wider frame of reference and have a cross-sectional analysis across countries. The approach to the paper is ethnographic and real-life scenarios have been issued to elicit the happenings in daily life. From the researcher’s point of view, the customer’s obvious needs are kept in accordance with their unspoken needs and wants. The method used results in a more In depth understanding of culture and the resulting buying processes which are otherwise not comprehensible. The paper elects the hypermarket structure being followed In Asia and sets out by explaining the structures of stores such as ART-Marti Tests and Careful which have. How to cite Edition Chapter, Papers

Native Americans and civilization

Land ownership was the leading cause of the conflict between Native-American civilization and western settlement by American citizens. The entry of the colonialists into Native America was the beginning of the suffering of the Native Americans. The colonialists considered themselves civilized and did not want to stay in the same lands s the Native Americans. They wanted to take the Native American lands by buying them at a lower price and evicting the Indians to move from the east to west.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Americans and civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this was difficult at first because of the proclamation that prohibited occupation of land acquisition beyond the eastern ranges. This did not last for long as the Revolutionary War changed it all; the settlers had gotten access to the native land by either buying it or exchanging it with a land in the east. Policy The fi rst policy that the settlers were suing was the assimilation policy where they claimed that they wanted to civilize the Indians. However, the situation changes in 1812 when the policy of assimilation of the native lands was no longer effective, and the Indians forcefully moved to the west. This was because of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, (Cassinelli pp 114). The forceful eviction of the Native Americans from their lands referred to as the Cherokee as the Trail of Tears. Many Indians lost their lives due to the long walk they had to make, to the lands in the western part of the Mississippi river. The native Indians not only lost their lands but also their culture in this eviction. Other Indians lost their lives as they were organizing attacks against the settlers. They had the determination to protect their culture and land, but the law and the settlers were too powerful. The Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles resolved to join the Confederate conference in 1861 . They sent representatives to the conference to voice their suffering. However, the natives got punished after the war. The natives had to sell their lands at extremely low prices, give up their territories, and agree to let the railway pass through their land. Dawes Act The main blow came in 1887 when the Dawes Act was put into effect. The act stated that the communal land holding was no longer accepted and that everyone should hold private lands. The Indians were given twenty five years to start owning private lands after which they would become eligible citizens of America. The policy aimed at reducing the land owned by the Indians and gave it to the settlers. Thomas Jefferson’s vision of the yeoman was the one who had the idea of taking the land. He envisioned a land full of farmers doing different activities that can generate income.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is how they saw the lifestyles of the native Americas; a life with no vision. The Euro Americans wanted to teach the Native Americans their way of life because they saw themselves as more superior than the natives. They saw their way of life as the most civilized of all cultures. This was because the Indians valued land and did not believe in cultivation of all the land. The Euro-Americans considered this a waste of fertile land that was fertile and could be put into use. The motive behind the assimilation of the native American into the European way of doing thins was to destroy the Native American culture by assimilating them into the main stream society, (Parks, Pierpont Morgan Library, Nelson, Wiles pp 132). Forceful Education The other policy of assimilation was the forceful education system that used on the Indian children. The Native American children got separated from their parent’s, and taken to boarding schools where they were `shaped’ to fit into the civilized word. The children did not communicate    their native language when they were in school. The other conflict between the Native Americans and the euro Americans was the slave trade. This was particularly common in Virginia and Carolina states. The settlers took advantage of the rivalries among the native tribes to get slaves and use them in their farms. The settlers got slaves from the villages, and took to the slave market where interested buyers would come and make their choices. The attacks forced the natives to flee from their lands and go to places where there were no raids. This was an added advantage to the settlers as they occupied these pieces of land without a buying them. In 1704,  they captured about 1000 Native Americans, and 300 killed in Californian State only. This shows the extent to which the settlers would go just to get the fertile lands where they would practice farming, (Cox, Cox pp 234). Effects of the Conflict The effects of the conflicts between the Nat ive Americans and the Euro Americans were extremely adverse, because the natives ended up getting assimilated into the western culture. They lost not only their land, but also their lives in the struggle to remain intact. The Euro Americans wanted to get the fertile lands owned by the natives and put it into useful projects like farming. In order to do this, they had to form acts that could help them acquire the pieces of land. Works Cited Cassinelli, Peter. Native American land conflicts: the Western Shoshone’s changing concept of land, 1863-1979. Carolina: San Jose State University, 1979.Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Americans and civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cox, Eugene, Cox, Joyce. An American Saga: Some East Tennessee Taylors. New York: iUniverse, 2011,Print. Parks, Robert, Pierpont Morgan Library, Nelson Christine and Wiles Stephanie. From Jackson to Lincoln: democra cy and dissent. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995, Print. This essay on Native Americans and civilization was written and submitted by user Audriana Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Race and Racism essays

Race and Racism essays Racism... What is racism? Why is there racism? And how can we get rid of it? These are the three questions that are important when talking about racism. In order to understand racism you must understand why there is racism. The author, Gloria Yamato, says that the main reason why we have racism is because people want to have a sense of power and privilege over another group. I think this is true not only in the human race but in most species. Everyone wants to be able to have power and in order to have power you must defeat or overpower others. This is why there is racism. Racism is the systematic, institutionalized mistreatment of one group of people by another based on racial heritage. In this article the author starts out by saying that racism is difficult to eliminate, but some people think it can be dealt with in a workshop but she thinks that it will take many years to deal with since it took a few hundred years to grow. This articles main topic is oppression. The author talks about the oppressors and the oppressed. Oppression is starting to be familiar in society and therefore it starts to feel comfortable and natural and also right. This is called internalized oppression. The reason why racism is so hard to beat is because, like a virus, when you come up with a cure or answer, it has a new problem or takes a new form. Racism can be separated into four different types. The first type is aware/blatant racism. This is when racists just come out and say to a person that they are being prejudice on the basis of theyre skin color. The second type of racism is aware/covert racism, which is when racists are being racist but just not saying it. For example, having a Now Hiring sign up and then saying that the position was just filled when really they are just being racist. The next type of racism the author talks about is unaware/unintentional racism. This is when the racist ...

60 Words for Types of Restaurants

60 Words for Types of Restaurants 60 Words for Types of Restaurants 60 Words for Types of Restaurants By Mark Nichol This post lists dozens of words, many adopted from foreign languages that describe a specific type of restaurant. (Restaurant itself stems from a Latin verb meaning â€Å"restore.†) 1. bar: an establishment where liquor and sometimes food are served 2. bar and grill: an establishment that features a bar but also serves food 3. barroom: see bar 4. beanery: slang for an informal restaurant 5. bistro (French, â€Å"proprietor of a tavern†): a small, informal restaurant, bar, or nightclub 6. boà ®te (French, â€Å"box†): see nightclub 7. brasserie (French, â€Å"brewery†): an informal restaurant, often one serving French food 8. buffet (French, â€Å"counter†): a self-serve restaurant; also, in British English, a small informal restaurant at a railway station 9. cabaret (French; ultimately from Latin camera, â€Å"chamber†): a restaurant that serves liquor and features live entertainment; also, the entertainment at such an establishment 10. cafà © (French, â€Å"coffee†): a small, informal restaurant 11. cafeteria (American Spanish, â€Å"coffeehouse†): see luncheonette; also, an informal, self-serve restaurant 12. caff (British English slang for cafà ©): see cafà © 13. canteen: a snack bar or small cafeteria; also, a bar or store at a military post, an informal social club, a flask for carrying liquids, or a chest for carrying or storing bottles or utensils 14. chophouse: slang for restaurant 15. coffee shop: a small, informal restaurant 16. coffee room: see coffeehouse 17. coffeehouse: an informal establishment that serves coffee and often refreshments 18. delicatessen (German, â€Å"delicacy†): an establishment where already-prepared food is sold and sometimes served; often abbreviated to deli 19. diner: an informal restaurant, originally one resembling a dining car on a train 20. drive-in: a restaurant, usually one serving fast food, that serves food ready to eat in one’s parked car or packaged to take home 21. eatery: see luncheonette 22. eating house: an informal restaurant, often one serving inexpensive and/or mediocre food 23. estaminet (French, â€Å"tavern†): see cafà © 24. fast-food place: an informal establishment where prepared food is served quickly 25. food court: an area within a shopping mall with multiple fast-food restaurants 26. food truck: a truck or van that serves prepackaged food or food cooked in the vehicle 27. greasy spoon (American slang, from the notion of a place with unclean eating utensils): see â€Å"eating house† 28. grill: an informal restaurant 29. grillroom: see grill 30. hamburger stand: a small fast-food restaurant specializing in hamburgers 31. hash house: an inexpensive restaurant 32. hashery: see â€Å"hash house† 33. hot dog stand: a small fast-food restaurant specializing in hot dogs 34. inn: see tavern; also, sometimes one offering lodging 35. joint: slang for an informal restaurant or bar; also, slang for prison or a disreputable entertainment venue, and has multiple other unrelated meanings 36. lunch counter: see luncheonette; also, a counter inside a store at which food is served 37. lunch wagon: see diner 38. luncheonette: a small restaurant that offers lunch, often self-serve 39. lunchroom: see luncheonette; also, a room at a school for eating lunch sold there or brought from home 40. nightclub: an establishment serving food and drink and featuring live entertainment 41. nightspot: see nightclub 42–43. nitery (or niterie): see nightclub 44. pizzeria (Italian, â€Å"place where pizza is served,† from pizza, â€Å"bite†): a restaurant where pizzas and other Italian dishes are served 45. pothouse: see tavern; also, as pot house, a house where marijuana is grown and/or sold 46. pub (short for â€Å"public house†): see tavern 47. rathskeller (obsolete German, â€Å"council cellar,† from its origins as an establishment in the cellar of a town hall): a restaurant or tavern, usually one located in a basement 48. ristorante (Italian, â€Å"restaurant†): a restaurant serving Italian food 49. roadhouse: an establishment outside city limits that may serve food as well as liquor and features live or recorded music 50. saloon: see bar 51. supper club: see nightclub 52. snack bar: an establishment at which snacks are served at a counter 53. soda fountain: an establishment or area within a store for serving beverages, ice cream, and sometimes food 54. steakhouse: a restaurant specializing in beef dishes 55. taqueria (Spanish, â€Å"place where tacos are served†): an informal restaurant serving Mexican food 56. tavern: an establishment where liquor and sometimes food are served 57. tea shop (British English): see teahouse 58. teahouse: a restaurant where tea and refreshments are served 59. tearoom: see teahouse 60. trattoria (Italian, â€Å"establishment of a restaurateur,† from a word for treat): a small restaurant, usually one serving Italian food Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Problem solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Problem solution - Essay Example However, with proper outlook and penalties, the drug cartels can be eradicated and the prevalence rate reduced. Causes of the Problem Modernization of cartels Cartels have modernized and no longer operate using the old-fashioned methods of organization and weaponry. These cartels will buy their weapons at gun shows in America and transport them in small quantities to other parts of the world so that they are not detected. These weapons include surface to air missiles as well as armored personnel carriers and communication devices (Perrin 109). The traffickers can put up huge investments such as highly designed tunnels to ensure that they are transported back and forth without any police interference. The crime families also no longer operate individually, but they have joined to form international crime networks that allow for easier shipment of drugs between countries. These collaborations include the American mafia, collaborating with the Colombian cartel and several Mexican cartel s in order to have easier transitions through borders. The Russian constellation of mafias is believed to be in sixty-five countries and the Castello family in Italy has political ties with several leaders in their country. Such collaborations have made it difficult for a single government agency to be able to prevent the entry of drugs into the country (Arquilla and Ronfeldt 109-111). Insecure Neighbors For the past few years, Mexico has been waging a war on drugs. On one side are the government forces on the other the Mexican cartels who want to continue the business due to its high profits. Mexican smugglers are believed to make 30 billion dollars annually from the movement of drugs into USA and this operation has profited them to the point that they can successfully resist government forces for over 6 years. This war aptly named El Narco has caused many Mexicans to migrate annually from their country to USA. Every year approximately 500000 Mexicans move into the country with ove r 80% using illegal methods (David 11). These immigrants provide the cartels with many possible routes for entry into the country as well giving the cartels in USA many potential recruits to use as traffickers in the Border States and to spread as they move. The USA cannot simply close off its borders due to its long-standing trade with Mexico. Mexico is USA’s third largest trading partner and provides it with oil a vital ingredient for its industries. Until the Mexican forces win El Narco, the USA will experience a drug influx from its southern border. Poor Policy The USA policy on drug use has been severely criticized due to its ineffectiveness in reducing the narcotics prevalence rate but increasing the number of people incarcerated. The law has been criticized as being vengeful and targeting minorities and the poor (Kain). Majority of the people arrested for drug related offences are disproportionately black even in states where they are an insignificant minority. Due to the high incarceration rate and the policy not being geared towards catching the overseers of these operations, many first time offenders will leave the prisons to go back into the habit. Until the government reviews its policy on punishment and rehabilitation, a large number of poor and minority groups will continue to operate in the drug business. Solutions Policy Change The United States needs its review its strategy on the war on drugs and look into reducing the demand instead of fighting

Relapse Prevention Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Relapse Prevention Plan - Essay Example The initial procedure for early relapse prevention that Jed should use is as follows: he should recognize that he is undergoing an emotional relapse that is changing his behavior; he should also recognize that he is isolating himself and therefore he should ask for help. Nonetheless, Jed should understand that he is anxious and should employ new relaxation techniques (Addictions and Recovery.org, 2012). Consequently he should recognize that his eating and sleeping habits are deteriorating and practice good self-care. Prolonged emotional relapse will make him exhausted which might prompt him to go back to drinking; this will result into mental relapse (Melemis, 2012). The only way to avoid relapse is that he should take good self-care, and if he cant, he should ask for help. Whenever he feels a drinking urge he should call a friend, a support, or someone in recovery and share what he is undergoing. The moment he shares his feelings, the urge will automatically disappear (Clarkson,

Role Of E Coli And Salmonella Food Spoilage Biology Essay

Role Of E Coli And Salmonella Food Spoilage Biology Essay Food is sometimes contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, there are many sort of Pathogenic bacteria it is very dangers for human, animal, salmonella one of them, it is frequently found in fowl ,eggs ,raw approved by pets similar to turtles and birds, salmonella is bacterium which is one of the commonest causes of food spoilage worldwide , there are more than 2,000 dissimilar sorts of salmonella , but with the omission of the little which typhoid or parity ,fever the sickness they cause is related, also there is a common sort of bacteria call E.coli it is akin to beef and vegetables , E.coli is short for the medical dumpy Escherichia coli is short for thing about these bacteria and lots of other bacteria is that theyre not constantly harmful to you. (1,8) E.coli generally lives indoors your intestines where it helps your body split down and digest the food you eat , Ecoli be able to get from the insides into the blood , this is a rare sickness but it can cause a extremely serious infection food is the commonest sources of salmonella for humans . the food may have been contaminated bacteria the source, animal or bird was infected salmonella is common with chickens some studies in 1990 showing that about 50%of of frozen and fresh chicken hold the bacteria .infections in dairy herds may show the way to contamination of milk.( 4,7 ) Outbreaks of gastroenteritis suitable to contaminated food have been reported in extra parts of the world. The probable causes of these outbreaks were suitable to the consumption of food contaminated with pathogens bacteria. Studies from many countries have given away that the microbiological quality of food manufactured for make use of in foods and drinks might be a cause for concern. (1) Ecoli was discovered by German pediatrician and bacteriologist Theodor Escherichia in 1885, and is now classified as piece of the enterobacteriacea. (5) Salmonella was discovered by D.E salmon, the American veterinary pathologist who original described salmonella cholera sues in 1900. (5) In fact several microorganisms can stay alive in food, even though food is very important to the maintenance of life, it can also be conscientious for ill health. (1) Structure and function of E coli Bacteria The find structure of bacterial cells has been studied in some detail using electron microscopy of whole cells and cells broken up into separate components.(4) 1.1 the organism and its characteristics Escherichia coli is a kind of gram negative bacteria, this is usually found living indoors the lower intestine of human beings as well as animals , there are quite a few different strains of E coli bacteria , most of which are practically, harmless.( 10 ) Although they form a very minor component of the intestinal flora, the E coli bacteria aid in the digestion and break down of the ingested food. (6) E coli is the type of genus, it is a catalase-positive, oxidase -negative, fermentative, short, gram-negative, non-sporing rod, although it ferments the sugar lactose. The following figure illustrates  the size of  bacteria  under the  electron microscope. (2) Figure1.1-electron micrograph of E coli. 1.1.1-solation and identification of the isolates Colonies were isolated from the Trypticase Soy Agar plates (TSA) (Oxoid UK) and Triple Sugar Iron slants (TSI) (Oxoid UK) and incubated at 37oC for 24 hour. The isolated bacterial was identified by cultural morphology, Gram-stain and biochemically, the colonies that showed typical reaction in TSI and positive for cytochrom oxidase test and catalase test were confirmed by using Analytical Profile Index 20E (API 20E). The colonies which are gives Gram positive cocci identified by used catalase, coagulase and DNase test. (2) 1.1.2 What these bacteria do is that they produce loads of vitamin Amino acids and other growth factors which are immediately absorbed and used by the body. The Ecoli bacteria that colonize in the lower intestine by adhering to intestinal lumen. (9) However, some strains of E coli are also able of causing deadly health problems such as severe stomach characterized by cramps and belly pain, vomiting and severe diarrhea.(10) 1.2- Structure and function of salmonella 1.2.1 -the organism and its characteristics According to the(Adams, M and Moss, M ,1995) salmonella bacteria are the most common cause of food borne sickness in the united states there are more than 2500 serotypes of salmonella, only some of which cause illness in humans.(1 ) Salmonellas are members of the enterbacteracese they are gram negative, non-spore forming rods (typically o,5 m by 1.3m) which are faculatively anaerobic , catalase -positive, oxidise-negative. The following figure illustrates  the size of  bacteria  under the  electron microscope (4) Figure1.2.1 electron micrograph of salmonella 2-Similarities E.coli was discovered by German pediatrician and bacteriologist Theodor Escherichia in 1885, and is now classified as piece of the Enterobacteriace family.(1) the largest part E.coli strains are harmless, but some such as serotype 0157:H7, but some such as serotype 0157:H7, can cause serious food poisoning in humans.(2) Salmonella is closely related the Escherichia genus, and some classified as part of the enterobacteriace.( 1 ) Many Ecoli and salmonellas are responsible for a number of different clinical syndromes, grouped here as enteritis and systemic disease. bad stomach cramps and belly pain, vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes with blood in it two very bad strain of Ecoli and salmonella were found in fresh spinach in 2006. ( 2 ) on the other hand, some strains of e coli and salmonella are also capable of causing deadly health problems such as severe stomach upsets characterized by cramps and belly pain, vomiting and severe diarrhea.( 4 ) 3-Difference -E coli can be differenced from salmonella on the basis of a figure of sugar-fermentation, and other biochemical tests.(10) -E. coli is indole positive or methyl red positive, but salmonella was negative. -E.coli is atypical mesophile growing from 7-10c up to 50c with an optimum around 37c. (3) -Contamination of eggs especially with salmonellas is a long-recognized problem but in the most cases this was due to contamination of the eggshell. (4) -furthermore biochemical tests between E coli and salmonella is difference, so typically significant group of tests used for the ability to produce: i) Indole from tryptophan. ii) Sufficient acid to reduce PH. (8) -Any member of the genus salmonella presents some degree of hazard to human health, such as S.gallinarum, typhi and pullorum. (3) Discussion In many previous studies on the quality food microbiology criteria for the food and intake water to these recommended by world health organization. This is because lots of countries do not have specific notional microbiological for food spoilage. Although, many good bacteria are needed in your body to assist it work properly, a few of these bacteria assist you digest food (normal flour), and keep your skin clean. However, other types of bacteria can make you ill, also convinced bacteria invade your badly and attack, causing infection. Good hygiene and good handling practices are all prerequisites to the manufacture of good value food. WHOs microbiological guideline for food and drinking-water quality (6) Plate count (cfu/100ml) Coliform 0 E. coli 0 Salmonella 0 ACC Not specified REFEREENCES: 1-Adams, M and Moss, M (1995) food microbiology, the royal society of chemistry,Thomas graham house (pp.181-202). 2-Anonymous. 2002. Microbiological quality of ice for cooling drinks. Food safety authority of Ireland available from: http://www.fsai.ie/surveillance/food/ice_cooling_drinks.pdf 3-Doyle,M,beuchat,L,Montville,T,Montville,T(2001)Food Microbiology, the united states of american,washingtion(pp141-193) 4-Garbutt,J(1997) Essentials of food microbiology ,Great Britain, London pp(5-137) 5-Icmsf international commission on microbiological specification for foods (1996). Microorganisms in foods. 5. Microbiological specifications of food pathogens Characteristics of microbial pathogens. London, UK: blackie academic Professional (pp. 45-65). 6-International Commission on Micrological Specifications for foods (icmsf) (1986) microorganisms in foods (2), sampling for microbiological analysis: principles and specific applicationns.2th, university of Toronto, Canada. 7-Montville, T, Matthews, k (2005) Food Microbiology, A American Society for Microbiology, Washington pp (85-111) 8-Ray, B (2004) Fundamental Food Microbiology, Bibekray 3rd Ed, USAPP (257-269) 9- Who guidelines for drinking-water quality, vol. 1. (3rd ed.) 2004 available from:http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq2004web.pdf 10-Wilson, I.g., Hogg, G.M. and Barr, j.g. microbiological quality of food in Hospital and community. j. hospital infect. 1997; 36:171-180.

Amazon.Com Supply Chain Management

Running head: Amazon. com Supply Chain Project Amazon. com Supply Chain Project Jarrel Nightingale [email  protected] edu Capella University BUS3004: Supply Chain Management Professor Dr. Robert Goldwasser December 10, 2012 Amazon. com Supply Chain Project Introduction In today’s society, Online Shopping and the industry of e-commerce has become very popular and mainstream. Many individuals have integrated online shopping into their normal routine and have replaced traditional shopping altogether.Online shopping has become so popular, there has been a shopping holiday called â€Å"Cyber Monday† which is the equivalent to â€Å"Black Friday. † Traditional brick and mortar retail stores are now forced to offer their products online in order to remain competitive. This is a new position for most businesses to be in, so businesses are forced to make the necessary adjustments to conform to the consumers’ demands. Complying with the demands of technology has b ecome a problem for some of the smaller businesses due to the lack of resources and infrastructure to produce these changes.Amongst the many online retailers that have emerged, Amazon. com has set itself apart as the industry leader in Online E-commerce. Since 1994, Amazon. com has built a successful empire that has become the default name for when one thinks about buying anything online. Through their documented success, Amazon. com has created the blueprint for those to follow in order to become a successful Online Retailer. In this assignment, I will discuss Amazon. com as it relates to their success and the structure of its company.Business Model Amazon. com sells books, music, and other items over the Internet and is one of the pioneers of consumer e-business. Amazon, based in Seattle, started by filling all orders using books purchased from a distributor in response to customer orders. This practice differs from that of a traditional bookstore, which usually purchases directly from publishers and stocks books in anticipation of customer orders. In 2008, Amazon had eight warehouses in the U. S. and another fifteen in the rest of the world.Amazon stocks many books, though it still gets other titles from distributors or publishers. It uses the U. S. Postal Service and other package carriers such as UPS and FedEx to send books to customers. Amazon has continued to expand the set of products that it sells online. Besides books and music, Amazon has added many product categories such as toys, apparel, electronics, jewelry, and shoes. (Chopra, et. Al, 2012) In addition to adding more products, the strategy of Amazon. com is technology based as it relates to consumer demand.Amazon's supply chain is so tightly integrated that when an online customer buys a couple of books and a CD, the order-management system communicates with inventory- and warehouse-management systems to find the optimal distribution center or centers for fulfilling the order. The customer know s in less than a minute how long it will take to ship the items and whether they will come in one package or separately (Bacheldor, 2004). Global Challenges Unlike most companies, Amazon. com has positioned itself to remain competitive in the national and global markets as well.Shipping is one of the most main expenses of e-commerce and shipping internationally can be a lengthy and expensive process. As mentioned earlier, Amazon. com has built new warehouses and changed the markets supplied by each warehouse as its customer base has grown. Currently there are 15 warehouses in total; 8 of those are located in the United States and the other 7 are located internationally. As a result, it has lowered shipping costs and improved responsiveness (Chopra, et. Al, 2012).There is a trade off because inventory and facility costs increase as the number of facilities in the supply chain increase; and transportation costs decrease as the number of facilities increase. The functionality of its te chnology is also designed to help with reducing costs so that transportation costs stay at a point where operating globally is still achievable. Amazon. com’s supply chain management applications communicate in real time when an order is placed and assigns shipping warehousing and cost based on location (Bacheldor, 2004).When the average company ships internationally the response time is typically in excess of 14 days and the cost to expedite takes any potential savings from purchasing online go away. Importance of Aggregate Planning Amazon. com is beginning to aggregate other e-commerce that are linked via strategic placement and investments. The vision is to make it so customers don’t have to go elsewhere to shop very often especially online (Scally, 2000). The reputation it has is so strong that any association with Amazon. com helps create an impression of validity and success for anyone that chooses to partner with them.Amazon has one of the most-sophisticated sup ply-chain systems in the world, and it was all built from scratch. Homemade applications handle nearly every aspect of its supply chain: warehouse management, transportation management, inbound and outbound shipping, demand forecasts, inventory planning, and more. In the last four years, Amazon has worked to minimize the need for human intervention in its supply-chain processes, such as manually inputting sales forecasts into an inventory-management system (Bacheldor, 2004).Today, Amazon's supply-chain apps communicate in real time, a rarity when most companies have to integrate a variety of software tools and manual processes, such as phone and fax orders. Ultimately, the goal is to try to â€Å"touch† every type of transaction on the web dealing with e-commerce and to integrate with business partners to enhance the online shopping experience (Scally, 2000). Many traditional brick and mortar stores are affiliating themselves with Amazon in order to gain online presence and s ell its merchandise online. This is a mutual benefit as it allows Amazon to continue to diversify its products.Role of Demand Forecasting and Pricing Promotions To achieve strategic fit, a firm must tailor its supply chain to best meet the needs of different customer segments. To retain strategic fit, supply chain strategy must be adjusted over the life cycle of a product and as the competitive landscape changes. Future risks, uncertainties, and environmental concerns must be accounted for when firms design their supply chain strategy. Customers ordering a book at Amazon. com are willing to wait longer than those who drive to a nearby Borders store to get the same book.In contrast, customers can find a much larger variety of books at Amazon compared to the Borders store. Thus, Amazon customers trade off fast response times for high levels of variety (Chopra, et. Al, 2012). Amazon offers its customers a large menu of prices for products that are purchased from the company. For exampl e, a person purchasing two books worth $30 could use standard shipping (ships in 3–5 business days) at a cost of $4. 98, two-day shipping (ships in 2 business days) at a cost of $13. 97, one-day shipping (ships in 1 business day) at a cost of $22. 97 or use free shipping (ships in 7–14 business days).The pricing menu allows Amazon to attract customers with varying levels of desired responsiveness (Chopra, et. Al, 2012). Whereas customers paying for one-day shipping impose a high degree of uncertainty on Amazon, customers opting for free shipping can be used to level out the workload at the warehouse over time. Amazon can thus use its pricing to provide responsiveness to those who value it while using customers who want a low price to help it improve its efficiency. Amazon also uses pricing effectively to shift some of the Christmas peak to November, by offering free or discounted shipping.The discount moves some of the December demand forward, allowing it to reduce its December peak and improve its efficiency without giving up on responsiveness for those customers who do not want to order earlier. Conclusion Since 1994, Amazon. com has built a successful empire that has become the default name for when one thinks about buying anything online. Through their documented success, Amazon. com has created the blueprint for those to follow in order to become a successful Online Retailer. By offering a vast variety of products, Amazon has changed the way many consumers shop for our merchandise.In addition to more options, the prices are often times cheaper even though the merchandise ordered is always shipped from a different location. What Amazon started in 1994 has now been revolutionized as Amazon continues to find ways to better the merchandise, the technology involved, and most important the customer experience. References Anonymous. 1998. IceGroup Releases Amazon. com Analysis . PR Newswire, Retrieved from www. lexisnexis. com/hottopics/lnacademic Bacheldor, B. (2004). FROM SCRATCH: Amazon keeps supply chain close to home. InformationWeek, (979), 40-40.Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/229180916? accountid=27965 Chopra, Sunil, Meindl, Peter. (05/2012). Supply Chain Management, 4/e for Capella University, 4th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions. Scally, R. (2000). Amazon. com: The force that's altering e-tail, one category at a time. DSN Retailing Today, 39(9), 42-44+. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/228466615? accountid=27965 Willis, C. (1998, Apr 06). Does amazon. com really matter? Forbes, , 55-58. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/195047045? accountid=27965

The Developmental Nature of Cognition Essay - 2662 Words

According to constructivist and cognitive theorists, cognition is defined as the processes of acquiring knowledge and understanding through perception, reasoning, judgment, thought, and experiences (Mora, 2007). The developmental stages of cognition have many implications in the educational setting. It is important for educators to understand the stages of development to facilitate the learning process of students from preschool to graduate studies. This paper will explore the developmental nature of cognition from the viewpoint of stage and social learning theories. Although the major focus is on cognitive development, it will also explore the implications in educational settings that deal with mild intellectually†¦show more content†¦The premise of this line of investigation focuses on the social behavior of observing and how it affects cognition. Many regard social learning principles as a bridge between behavior and cognitive approaches to understanding the process of learning. Other notable social learning authors include domain, community and practice studies by Jean Lave and Etienne Wender, as well as discovery learning by Jerome Bruner. The curiosity of the processes of cognition and its application to learning in schools has developed into the practice of educational psychology. This branch explores the effectiveness of learning and focuses on marginal groups such as gifted and special education subgroups in institutional settings. One major goal of cognitive theory is to determine the processes involved in learning. With this in mind, the following examines cognition from birth through adulthood. The prenatal period is defined as the time from conception to birth and biologically is marked as a time of tremendous growth (Santrock, 1999). Though cognitive theory begins in the infancy stages of human development, it is important to note that many scientist believe that the experiences that occur while a child is in the womb is as in fluential on cognition as any other period of time in the stages of growth. In an article by Mrazik and Dombrowski (2010), theShow MoreRelatedMental Illness And Child Development881 Words   |  4 Pagesencompasses an array of environmental and biological factors contributing to the individual child’s growth, which at times can over shadow underlying issues such as mental illness. This paper will encompass information regarding developmental milestones, psychological theories, nature versus nurture theory, and mental illness as they relate to child development. 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Because developmental psychology is an umbrella term, it is used to describe a number of different disciples that are all focused on one common goal (Developmental Psychology)Read MoreDiscuss Reasons for the Increased Interest in Cognitive Psychology and the Decline in Behavioristt Approach, in Addition Describe the Field of Cognitive Science Noting the Discipline That Are Included in This Field.1302 Words   |  6 PagesIDENTITY NUMBER: 10284047 NAME: ERIC OTU BOAKYE COURSE CODE: PSYC 403 COURSE TITLE: HIGHER ORDER COGNITION DATE SUBMITTED: 29th SEPTEMBER, 2011 DISCUSS REASONS FOR THE INCREASED INTEREST IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE DECLINE OF BEHAVIORIST APPROACH ,IN ADDITION DESCRIBE THE FIELD OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE NOTING THE DISCIPLINE THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE THIS FIELD. Behaviorism also called learning perspective is defined by Wikipedia ‘ as a philosophy of psychology based

World War II Fighting in North Africa and Italy

In June 1940, as World War II fighting was winding down in France, the pace of operations quickened in the Mediterranean. The area was vital for Britain, which needed to maintain access to the Suez Canal in order to remain in close contact with the rest of its empire. Following Italys declaration of war on Britain and France, Italian troops quickly seized British Somaliland in the Horn of Africa and laid siege to the island of Malta. They also began a series of probing attacks from Libya into British-held Egypt. That fall, British forces went on the offensive against the Italians. On Nov. 12, 1940, aircraft flying from HMS Illustrious struck the Italian naval base at Taranto, sinking a battleship and damaging two others. During the attack, the British only lost two aircraft. In North Africa, General Archibald Wavell launched a major attack in December, Operation Compass, which drove the Italians out of Egypt and captured over 100,000 prisoners. The following month, Wavell dispatched troops south and cleared the Italians from the Horn of Africa. Germany Intervenes Concerned by Italian leader Benito Mussolinis lack of progress in Africa and the Balkans, Adolf Hitler authorized German troops to enter the region to assist their ally in February 1941. Despite a naval victory over the Italians at the Battle of Cape Matapan (March 27–29, 1941), the British position in the region was weakening. With British troops sent north from Africa to aid Greece, Wavell was unable to stop a new German offensive in North Africa and was driven back out of Libya by General Erwin Rommel. By the end of May, both Greece and Crete had also fallen to German forces. British Pushes in North Africa On June 15, Wavell sought to regain the momentum in North Africa and launched Operation Battleaxe. Designed to push the German Afrika Korps out of Eastern Cyrenaica and relieve the besieged British troops at Tobruk, the operation was a total failure as Wavells attacks were broken on the German defenses. Angered by Wavells lack of success, Prime Minister Winston Churchill removed him and assigned General Claude Auchinleck to command the region. In late November, Auchinleck commenced Operation Crusader which was able to break Rommels lines and pushed the Germans back to El Agheila, allowing Tobruk to be relieved. The Battle of the Atlantic: Early Years As in World War I, Germany initiated a maritime war against Britain using U-boats (submarines) shortly after hostilities began in 1939. Following the sinking of the liner Athenia on Sep. 3, 1939, the Royal Navy implemented a convoy system for merchant shipping. The situation worsened in mid-1940, with the surrender of France. Operating from the French coast, U-boats were able to cruise further into the Atlantic, while the Royal Navy was stretched thin due to defending its home waters while also fighting in the Mediterranean. Operating in groups known as wolf packs,, U-boats began to inflict heavy casualties on British convoys. To ease the strain on the Royal Navy, Winston Churchill concluded the Destroyers for Bases Agreement with U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt in September 1940. In exchange for fifty old destroyers, Churchill provided the U.S. with ninety-nine year leases on military bases in British territories. This arrangement was further supplemented by the Lend-Lease Program the following March. Under Lend-Lease, the U.S. provided vast amounts of military equipment and supplies to the Allies. In May 1941, British fortunes brightened with the capture of a German Enigma encoding machine. This permitted the British to break the German naval codes which allowed them to steer convoys around the wolf packs. Later that month, the Royal Navy scored a victory when it sank the German battleship Bismarck after a prolonged chase. The United States Joins the Fight The United States entered World War II on Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Nazi Germany followed suit and declared war on the United States. In late December, U.S. and British leaders met in Washington, D.C., at the Arcadia Conference, to discuss the overall strategy for defeating the Axis. It was agreed that the Allies initial focus would be the defeat of Germany as the Nazis presented the greatest threat to Britain and the Soviet Union. While Allied forces were engaged in Europe, a holding action would be conducted against the Japanese. The Battle of the Atlantic: Later Years With the U.S. entry into the war, the German U-boats were afforded a wealth of new targets. During the first half of 1942, as the Americans slowly adopted anti-submarine precautions and convoys, the German skippers enjoyed a happy time which saw them sink 609 merchant ships at a cost of only 22 U-boats. Over the next year and half, both sides developed new technologies in attempts to gain an edge over their adversary. The tide began to turn in the Allies favor in the spring of 1943, with the high point coming that May. Known as Black May by the Germans, the month saw the Allies sink 25 percent of the U-boat fleet, while suffering much reduced merchant shipping losses. Using improved anti-submarine tactics and weapons, along with long-range aircraft and mass-produced Liberty cargo ships, the Allies were able win the Battle of the Atlantic and ensure that men and supplies continued to reach Britain. Second Battle of El Alamein With the Japanese declaration of war on Britain in December 1941, Auchinleck was forced to transfer some of his forces east for the defense of Burma and India. Taking advantage of Auchinlecks weakness, Rommel launched  a massive offensive  that overran the British position in the Western Desert and pressed deep into Egypt until it was halted at El Alamein. Upset by Auchinlecks defeat, Churchill sacked him in favor of  General Sir Harold Alexander. Taking command, Alexander gave control of his ground forces to  Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery. To regain the lost territory, Montgomery opened the Second Battle of El Alamein on Oct. 23, 1942. Assaulting the German lines, Montgomerys 8th Army was finally able to break through after twelve days of fighting. The battle cost Rommel almost all of his armor and forced him to retreat back towards Tunisia. The Americans Arrive On Nov. 8, 1942, five days after Montgomerys victory in Egypt, U.S. forces stormed ashore in Morocco and Algeria as part of  Operation Torch. While U.S. commanders had favored a direct assault on mainland Europe, the British suggested an attack on North Africa as a way to reduce pressure on the Soviets. Moving through minimal resistance by Vichy French forces, U.S. troops consolidated their position and began heading east to attack Rommels rear. Fighting on two fronts, Rommel assumed a defensive position in Tunisia. American forces first encountered the Germans at the  Battle of Kasserine Pass  (Feb. 19–25, 1943) where Major General Lloyd Fredendalls II Corps was routed. After the defeat, U.S. forces initiated massive changes which including unit reorganization and changes in command. The most notable of these was  Lieutenant General George S. Patton  replacing Fredendall. Victory in North Africa Despite the victory at Kasserine, the German situation continued to worsen. On Mar. 9, 1943, Rommel departed Africa, citing health reasons, and turned over command to General Hans-Jà ¼rgen von Arnim. Later that month, Montgomery broke through the Mareth Line in southern Tunisia, further tightening the noose. Under the coordination of U.S.  General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the combined British and American forces pressed the remaining German and Italian troops, while  Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham  ensured that they could not escape by sea. Following the fall of Tunis, the Axis forces in North Africa surrendered on May 13, 1943, and 275,000 German and Italian soldiers were  taken  prisoner. Operation Husky: The Invasion of Sicily As the fighting in North Africa was concluding, the Allied leadership determined that it would not be possible to stage a cross-Channel invasion during 1943. In lieu of an attack on France, it was decided to  invade Sicily  with the goals of eliminating the island as an Axis base and encouraging the fall of Mussolinis government. The principle forces for the assault were the U.S. 7th Army under Lt. Gen. George S. Patton and the British Eighth Army under Gen. Bernard Montgomery, with Eisenhower and Alexander in overall command. On the night of July 9/10, Allied airborne units began landing, while the main ground forces came ashore three hours later on the southeast and southwest coasts of the island. The Allied advance initially suffered from a lack of coordination between U.S. and British forces as Montgomery pushed northeast towards the strategic port of Messina and Patton pushed north and west. The campaign saw tensions rise between Patton and Montgomery as the independent-minded American felt the British were stealing the show. Ignoring Alexanders orders, Patton drove north and captured Palermo, before turning east and beating Montgomery to Messina by a few hours. The campaign had the desired effect as the capture of Palermo had helped spur Mussolinis overthrow in Rome. Into Italy With Sicily secured, Allied forces prepared to attack what Churchill referred to as the underbelly of Europe. On Sep. 3, 1943, Montgomerys 8th Army came ashore in Calabria. As a result of these landings, the new Italian government led by Pietro Badoglio surrendered to the Allies on Sep. 8. Though the Italians had been defeated, the German forces in Italy dug in to defend the country. The day after Italys capitulation, the main  Allied landings occurred at Salerno. Fighting their way ashore against heavy opposition, American and British forces quickly took the city Between Sep. 12–14, the Germans launched a series of counterattacks with the goal of destroying the beachhead before it could link up with the 8th Army. These were repulsed and the German commander General Heinrich von Vietinghoff withdrew his forces to a defensive line to the north. Pressing North Linking up with 8th Army, the forces at Salerno turned north and captured Naples and Foggia. Moving up the peninsula, the Allied advance began to slow due to harsh, mountainous terrain that was ideally suited for defense. In October, the German commander in Italy, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring convinced Hitler that every inch of Italy should be defended to keep the Allies away from Germany. To conduct this defensive campaign, Kesselring constructed numerous lines of fortifications across Italy. The most formidable of these was the Winter (Gustav) Line which stopped the U.S. 5th Armys advance at the end of 1943. In an attempt to turn the Germans out of the Winter Line, Allied forces  landed further north at Anzio  in January 1944. Unfortunately for the Allies, the forces that came ashore were quickly contained by the Germans and were unable to  break out of the beachhead. Breakout and the Fall of Rome Through the spring of 1944,  four major offensives  were launched along the Winter Line near the town of Cassino. The final assault commenced on May 11 and finally broke through the German defenses as well as the Adolf Hitler/Dora Line to their rear. Advancing north, U.S. General Mark Clarks 5th  Army  and Montgomerys 8th Army pressed the retreating Germans, while the forces at Anzio were finally able to break out of their beachhead. On June 4, 1944, U.S. forces entered Rome as the Germans fell back to the Trasimene Line north of the city. The capture of Rome was quickly overshadowed by the Allied landings in Normandy two days later. The Final Campaigns With the opening of a new front in France, Italy became a secondary theater of the war. In August, many of the most experienced Allied troops in Italy were withdrawn to take part in the  Operation Dragoon  landings in southern France. After the fall of Rome, Allied forces continued north and were able to breach the Trasimene Line and capture Florence. This last push brought them up against Kesselrings last major defensive position, the Gothic Line. Built just south of Bologna, the Gothic Line ran along the tops of the Apennine Mountains and presented a formidable obstacle. The Allies attacked the line for much of the fall, and while they were able to penetrate it in places, no decisive breakthrough could be achieved. Both sides saw changes in leadership as they prepared for the spring campaigns. For the Allies, Clark was promoted to command of all Allied troops in Italy, while on the German side, Kesselring was replaced with von Vietinghoff. Beginning on April 6, Clarks forces assaulted the German defenses, breaking through in several places. Sweeping onto the Lombardy Plain, Allied forces advanced steadily against weakening German resistance. The situation hopeless, von Vietinghoff dispatched emissaries to Clarks headquarters to discuss terms of surrender. On April 29, the two commanders signed the instrument of surrender which took effect on May 2, 1945, ending the fighting in Italy.